Studying is an essential skill for academic and personal success. However, not all study methods are equally effective, and choosing the right ones can make the difference between simply memorizing information or truly understanding and retaining knowledge in the long term. Below, we explore the three most effective study methods, backed by scientific research, and offer tips for implementing them efficiently.
1. Practice tests: Learn by testing yourself.
Practice tests, also known as active learning or active retrieval, are one of the most effective strategies for consolidating knowledge. This method involves regularly testing yourself on the material you want to learn, which strengthens the neural connections related to memory.
Why does it work?
When we try to retrieve information from our memory, we are activating and strengthening the neural pathways that allow us to access that information. This not only improves retention, but also helps to identify areas where there are knowledge gaps.
How to implement it:
- Use flashcards: Write questions on one side and answers on the other. Review regularly and set aside the ones you've mastered.
- Take mock exams: Search or create questions related to the topic you are studying.
- Study in groups: Asking your classmates questions and answering theirs can be an effective way to consolidate learning.
Studies that support it:
A 2013 analysis by Dunlosky and colleagues at Kent State University highlighted that practice tests are one of the most effective techniques for learning, especially when combined with spaced repetition.
2. Spaced review: Space out your learning to remember more.
Spaced review is a technique that involves spreading out study sessions over time rather than concentrating them in one block (also known as "study marathons"). This method is based on the "forgetting curve," a theory proposed by Hermann Ebbinghaus, which demonstrates how we forget information over time if we don't review it periodically.
Why does it work?
When we review information at regular intervals, we reinforce our memories just before they begin to fade. This allows the brain to identify that information as important, making it easier to store in the long term.
How to implement it:
- Study calendars: Use apps like Anki or digital platforms to schedule reviews at specific intervals.
- Break up the material: Organize the content into small sections and distribute it over several sessions.
- Periodic reviews: After learning something new, review it the next day, then three days later, a week later, and so on.
Practical example:
If you are studying for an exam in three weeks, set aside 20 minutes each day to review what you have learned, slightly increasing the intervals between reviews.
Studies that support it:
A study published in Cognitive Psychology in 2006 showed that students who used spaced repetition recalled significantly more information than those who studied in a massed manner.
3. Teach what you learn: become the teacher.
One of the most underrated yet extremely effective methods of learning is to teach the material you are studying to someone else. This approach, known as the teacher effect, not only improves comprehension, but also forces you to structure your thoughts and simplify complex concepts.
Why does it work?
When you teach, you activate different areas of the brain that strengthen conceptual understanding and memory. Also, when you explain something, you are more likely to spot gaps in your knowledge, which motivates you to seek clarity.
How to implement it:
- Explain out loud: Pretend you are teaching an imaginary student or someone who is unfamiliar with the topic.
- Use analogies: Relate difficult concepts to everyday examples to simplify understanding.
- Interact with others: Teach friends or family and encourage them to ask questions that challenge your understanding.
Tools you can use:
- Record your explanations: Listening to your own reasoning will help you identify areas for improvement.
- Diagrams and outlines: Visualizing content can facilitate teaching and learning.
Studies that support it:
A 2014 study by Fiorella and Mayer found that students who taught what they learned performed better on tests than those who only studied in a traditional way.
Additional tips for combining these methods.
While each of these methods is powerful on its own, they can be even more effective when combined:
- Use spaced repetition along with practice tests: Spread out your mock exams over time to consolidate information more effectively.
- Combine teaching with practice tests: After teaching someone, test your understanding by answering questions or solving problems related to the topic.
- Integrate technological tools: Platforms such as Quizlet, Anki and Kahoot can help you apply these strategies dynamically and efficiently.
Success in learning is not just about how much time you spend studying, but how you do it. Evidence-based study methods, such as practice tests, spaced repetition, and teaching, are powerful tools that can transform the way you learn. By applying them consistently, you will not only improve your academic performance, but you will also develop learning skills that will last a lifetime.
Don't forget that the key is to experiment and adapt these methods to your specific needs. Remember, studying is not just about memorizing, but about understanding, applying and enjoying the learning process.
Sources consulted:
- Harvard University: Effective Study Techniques
- Learning Scientists: The Science of Learning